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Meeting Symposia
Categories for Scientific Papers and Symposia
Documented below are the Planned Symposia for the 2004 meeting.
The scientific program for Microscopy
and Microanalysis 2004 will
consist of several parts as listed
below. These include: The Premeeting
Symposium,
Sunday Short Courses
, Special
Events, Symposia, Contributed
Sessions, and Tutorials. The Symposia will
consist of a mixture of invited and
contributed talks plus a poster
session. Contributed sessions will
also consist of mixtures of talks and posters as warranted by the submitted papers.
When submitting your extended
abstract to Microscopy and
Microanalysis 2004, authors of
invited talks and tutorials should
select only the number
corresponding to that session.
Authors of contributed papers should
select both a first and second choice
(from either the symposia or
contributed sessions). The Program
Committee will use this information
to arrange presentations into
coherent sessions. Inclusion into a
specific session cannot be
guaranteed, but every effort will be made to place your contribution into the most appropriate session.
The deadline for receipt of all papers is February 16, 2004.
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Biological Sciences
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B01 Imaging Technology in the
Study of Cardiovascular Development
and Disease
Organizers: Rob Gourdie,
Bob Price
Featured Invited Speakers:
Mark Sussman, Kersti Linask
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Cardiovascular disease is a
primary factor in premature death
in most developed countries and in
the US alone more than 61 million
people suffer from some form of heart
disease including congenital malformations,
stroke, high blood pressure,
congestive heart failure and atherosclerosis.
Statistics released by the
American Heart Association indicate
that each year in the United States
these diseases result in 39% of the
total deaths and cost more than 352
billion dollars in medical costs and disabilities.
This symposium will look at
several studies that have used imaging
technology to study cardiovascular
development and disease and will
include several invited presentations
from noted researchers in the field
that will subsequently be published
in an issue of Microscopy and Microanalysis.
Contributed papers for both
platform and poster presentations
are also welcome including those that
would normally be submitted to the
Vascular Casting Focused Interest
Group Session.
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B02 Biomaterials
Organizers: Steven Eppell,
Eric Henderson
Featured Invited Speakers:
Larry Bottomley, Vince Moy
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Biomaterials research is an interdisciplinary
field requiring expertise in
both physical and biological sciences.
Successful biomaterials provide the
necessary mechanical and chemical
properties for medical and drug delivery
devices while eliciting appropriate
biological host responses. Additionally,
biomaterials represent a vast conceptual
landscape for developments in
bionanotechnology. It is abundantly
clear that the natural materials we
seek to emulate, replace or integrate
into composite systems have rich
structural geometries emerging from
nanoscale patterns and principles and
blossoming into complex macroscale
assemblages. Nature provides a multitude
of design motifs for both passive
and active nanoscale materials such
as bone, retina, synaptic membranes
and actin/myosin muscle fibrils. The
biomimetic approach has driven investigators
to use TEM, scanned local
probes, and diffraction techniques to
ascertain the salient details of these
natural materials and to probe for
success or failure in creating synthetic
substitutes. This year's symposium
will focus on these nanoscale biomimetic
studies. While all biomaterials
oriented studies are welcome, our
emphasis will be on the problems
and benefits gleaned from looking at
natural and synthetic systems at the
nanoscale. Here, nanoscale is defined
by features of interest with at least
one dimension between 1-1000 nm.
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B03 Microscopy of Plant Pathogenic
Microbes and Their Interactions
with Host Plants
Organizers: Charles W. Mims,
Kirk Czymmek
Featured Invited Speakers:
Richard J. Howard, Elliot Kitajima
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This symposium focuses upon
the contributions of various forms of
microscopy to the study of plant pathogenic
microbes and their interactions
with host plants. Contributions relating
to the study of plant pathogenic fungi,
viruses, bacteria and nematodes and
their interactions with host plants are
welcomed. Invited speakers include
internationally known experts in their
respective fields of study. Examples of
topics to be discussed include modern
microscopic methods for imaging fungal
pathogens and host-pathogen interactions,
ultrastructure of fungal haustoria,
TEM of plant viruses and TEM and SEM
of Xylella fastidiosa in the xylem of various
host plants.
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B04 Microscopic Analysis of
Nervous System Development
and Function
Organizer: Deanna Smith
Featured Invited Speakers:Li-Huei Tsai, Richard Vallee
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The polarized spatial organization
of the neuron, with its long and
often elaborate axonal and dendritic
projections, provides unique opportunities
to study mechanisms regulating
cell compartmentalization and
morphogenesis. At the same time,
their morphology is an impediment
to biochemical analysis. Because of
this, researchers have often turned
to microscopy to explore neuronal
development and differentiation. The
functional organization of the mature
synapse has also been probed
extensively using this approach. This
symposium will solicit papers related
to the use of microscopic analysis to
elucidate molecular mechanisms regulating
neuronal migration, neurite formation,
synaptogenesis, and synaptic
function. Immunofluorescence methods,
time-lapse imaging of living cells,
and analysis of calcium signaling are
examples of topics to be discussed.
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B05 3D Electron Microscopy
of Macromolecules: Unveiling
Structural/Functional Relationships
through Imaging
Conformational Changes
Organizers: Gina Sosinsky,
Teresa Ruiz
Featured Invited Speakers:
Christopher W. Akey,
Michael Radermacher
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One of the ultimate goals in biology
is to achieve an understanding of the
structure/function relationships that
govern the organization of macromolecular
complexes. Technical advances
have turned three-dimensional electron
microscopy into an ideal tool to elucidate
structural mechanisms by examining
tertiary and secondary structure.
Using either cryoelectron microscopy,
alternative staining or fast freezing
techniques, it is possible to trap macromolecules
in distinct states that can be
directly correlated as functional intermediates.
This symposium will highlight
recent developments and structures
illustrating a range of macromolecular
complexes that span the extent of cell
biology.
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B06 Microscopy in Microbiology
Organizers: Robert Simmons,
Cynthia Goldsmith
Featured Invited Speakers:
Tom Geisbert, Sara Miller
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Microscopy has long been a vital
component of microbiological research.
High-resolution techniques using TEM,
SEM and AFM are often employed to
examine the physical structure as well
as molecular mechanisms of individual
organisms, including viruses, bacteria,
fungi and parasites. Light, confocal
and deconvolution microscopy
along with SEM and TEM are powerful
tools for studies of the relationships
of microorganisms with one another
and with their environments. Interactions
between microorganisms and
hosts play a major role in the infectious
disease process and may result in
granulomatous inflammation, intracellular
inclusion bodies or autoimmune
phenomena. Microbial communities
also may form components of many
food production and industrial processes
as well as waste remediation
systems. This symposium is planned
to demonstrate the use of microscopy
to explore a variety of questions about
microorganisms and their interactions
with the world around them.
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B07 Advances in Imaging of Cytoskeletal Dynamics, Structure,
Regulation, and Functions
Organizer: Heide Schatten
Featured Invited Speakers:
William M. Bement,
Lester I. Binder, Tobias I. Baskin
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The cytoskeleton plays important
roles in a variety of different cell system
and it is critical for cell maintenance
and metabolic activities. Microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, microtubules,
their organizing centers, and numerous
associated proteins as well as regulatory
enzymes carry out critical and varied
cytoskeletal functions such as signal
transduction, transport of cell organelles
and molecular cell components, secretion,
cell motility, muscle contraction,
and growth of plant cell walls. Cytoskeletal
abnormalities and dysfunctions of
cytoskeletal regulation are contributing
causes for many diseases including
cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
Cytoskeletal abnormalities have also
been implicated in infertility and developmental
defects. This symposium will
highlight the various imaging methods
that are being used on live and fixed
cells to study cytoskeletal dynamics,
structure, regulation, and functions as
well as abnormalities in a great variety
of cells including neuronal cells, microorganisms,
embryonic cells, plant cells,
and other cell systems. Exciting new
developments in techniques, molecular
imaging methods, and instrumentation
including multiphoton microscopy, field
emission scanning electron microscopy,
atomic force microscopy, and video
microscopy combined with immunological
probes have allowed detailed
insights into cytoskeletal dynamics and
molecular interactions of cytoskeletal
components and cell organelles leading
to significant contributions and advancing
several fields of science.
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Physical Sciences
Symposia
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P01 Interfaces: A Symposium
in Honor of Manfred Ruhle
Organizers: Frank Ernst,
John Bruley
Featured Invited Speakers:
W. Mader, Y. Ikuhara
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The properties of many materials,
particularly when engineered on the
nanometer scale, critically depend on
the properties of grain boundaries and
heterointerfaces (phase boundaries).
Recent developments in instrumentation
and methods of TEM (transmission
electron microscopy) have provided
powerful tools for assessing the atomistic
structure, electronic structure, and
spatial distribution of atomic species
at such "internal interfaces" in solid
materials. For example, techniques
of quantitative high-resolution TEM,
analysis of near-edge structure in electron
energy-loss spectra, or techniques
of energy-filtering TEM provide very
detailed and complementary information
on interfaces and enable sensitive
comparisons with the results of atomistic
simulations. significant contributions
to developing advanced quantitative
TEM techniques for analyzing interfaces
have been made by Manfred Ruehle and
his group at the Max-Planck-Institut fuer
Metallforschung in Stuttgart, Germany.
This symposium is dedicated to applications
of these techniques to internal
interfaces in all classes of materials and
further developments of quantitative
TEM techniques that provide fundamental
insight into the atomistic structure,
composition, and bonding of grain
boundaries and heterointerfaces. The
emphasis of this symposium will be the
correlation between interface structure
and properties.
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P02 Characterization of Novel
Nanostructures for Applications
in Sensing, Nanoelectronics
and Biotechnology
Organizers: Perena Gouma,
Zhong Lin Wang
Featured Invited Speakers:
P.M. Ajayan, V.P. Dravid, Jun Liu
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There is a wealth of novel nanostructured
materials, including
nanoparticles, nanowires, nanoshells,
nanotubes and nanobelts, that offer
high surface areas and unique
physical-chemical properties that
make them suitable for sensing and
NEMS applications. Metals and alloys,
semiconductors and semiconducting
oxides, as well as composite nanostructures
are currently being used to
build the latest generation of separation
membranes, electrodes, chemical
detectors, biosensing probes, and
bio-imaging tools. Electron microscopy
is an essential tool for characterizing
these novel materials. This
symposium will solicit papers in the
broader areas of nanomaterials characterization,
phase transformations
and interface phenomena induced
during sensing, including: (i) in-situ
processing, imaging, and analysis of
nanomaterials in an environmental
cell; (ii) gas-nanomaterial interactions;
(iii) interaction of inorganic,
organic, and biological materials in
composite nanostructures; and (iv)
polymorphism and structural stability
of nanomaterials and nanostructures.
Invited speakers include internationally
recognized experts in nanomaterials
characterization with a focus on
functional materials, from academia,
industry and research laboratories.
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P03 Nanostructure and Dynamics
of Molecular Assemblies:
Biomembranes, Proteins, Surfactants,
Polymers and Liquidcrystals
Organizers: Dganit Danino,
Joe Zasadzinski, Dave Siegel
Featured Invited Speakers:
Alisdair C. Steven,
Katarina Edwards
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This symposium will highlight the
use of electron microscopy (mainly
cryo-TEM) to study dynamic processes
and mechanisms in self-assembling
systems. Self-assembly is a general,
fundamental process whereby physical
interactions control the spontaneous
association of molecules into organized,
nano-scale, dynamic structures.
Self-assembly governs the formation
of biological membranes and biological
fluids like bile and lung surfactant,
as well as the structure of complex
fluids such as micelles, liquid crystals,
multiblock copolymers, and mixtures
of these materials. These materials
find numerous applications in industry
(e.g., detergents, drug delivery vehicles,
personal care products, electronics),
and construction of new nanostructured
materials often exploits
self-assembly as a means of obtaining
desirable properties, such as shape,
ordering, size distribution, viscosity,
and surface tension. Electron microscopy
is an appropriate tool for studying
the structure of these materials,
because of the nanometer scale in at
least one dimension and the need to
understand the structures in terms
of the interactions of their constituent
molecules. In this symposium,
we wish to emphasize that electron
microscopy is also an appropriate tool
for understanding dynamic processes
(e.g., the mechanisms of structural
transformations and phase transitions),
especially when non-perturbative
specimen preparation methods
are used (as in cryo-TEM and freezefracture
electron microscopy).
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P04 Microscopy and Microanalysis
in Catalysis
Organizers: Pratibha L. Gai,
Steven Bradley
Featured Invited Speakers:
Wharton Sinkler
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This symposium will highlight the
role of novel microscopy methods in
the science and technology of catalysis
and energy sources including hydrogen
economy and fuel cells. The methods
include in situ environmental microscopy
for dynamic catalysis, Z-contrast/
tomography, ultra high vacuum methods,
holography, and innovative sample
stages. The topics include imaging,
surface processes, nanomaterial architectures,
spectroscopy, diffraction, electronic
structure, data acquisition and
combinatorial methods in understanding
and developing materials and processes
in catalysis. The symposium will feature
invited talks by renowned international
speakers and contributed papers and
posters.
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P05 Unraveling Magnetic Structure
at the Nanoscale to Understand
Magnetic Properties
Organizers: Marc De Graef,
Yimei Zhu
Featured Invited Speakers:
Stephen McVitie, Matthias Bode
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Magnetic nanomaterials are among
the most important classes of materials
in today's rapidly advancing technology
and telecommunication era. Their
fascinating properties and applications
are exclusively determined by their
underlying magnetic structures. Quantitative
characterization of the magnetic
structure at the nanoscale is not a trivial
undertaking and there is an urgent need
to address the availability, advantages,
and drawbacks of various techniques to
solve material problems. This symposium
will focus on magnetic structure
characterization to reveal the underlying
magnetic properties. Techniques will
include, but are not limited to, Lorentz
microscopy, magnetic force microscopy,
off-axis electron-holography and other
phase-retrieval methods, spin-polarized
tunneling microscopy, spin-polarized
scanning electron microscopy and polarized
light microscopy. Structure-property
relationships at both micro- and
nano-scale will be discussed. Material
classes include hard and soft magnets,
thin film magnets, ferromagnetic shape
memory alloys, magnetic semiconductors,
materials with patterned magnetic
structure or GMR / CMR effects, and
modeling of magnetic micro- and nanostructures.
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P06 Microscopy and Microanalysis
of Nanotechnology
Organizers: David C. Bell,
Douglas A. Blom
Featured Invited Speakers:
Rich Superfine, Ned Thomas
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Nanotechnology brings us the promise
of devices and materials with extraordinary
abilities; the first nanostructured
materials and functional nano-devices
have already been fabricated and
can be classed as the first generation
of nanotechnology. Microscopy and
microanalysis of these devices for the
purposes of product development and
quality control present multiple issues.
Nanotechnology utilizes the fundamental
behavior of materials at the atomic and
molecular scale. Imaging nano-devices
is problematic due to the characteristics
and the diverse materials used in fabrication.
Traditional analytical procedures
must be modified to encompass the
diverse range of materials present and
scaled to the minute quantities. Microscopy
and microanalysis are critical for
the development and commercialization
of nanotechnology. In fact, the future
of the entire nanotechnology revolution
depends on them. This symposium
presents a forum for discussion on
state-of-the-art methods to characterize
nanotechnology, both for research and
commercial development of improved
devices and production techniques.
Open to all areas of nanotechnology
research including but not limited to;
nano-electronics, nano-photonics, micromechanical
devices (MEMS) and Bio-
MEMs. We seek examples that illustrate
the adaptation of existing analytical and
imaging techniques as well as those that
present novel methods.
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P07 The Characterization and
Performance of Advanced
Coatings and Thin Films
Organizers: Thad Adams,
Paul Korinko.
Featured Invited Speakers:
Phil Rack, Mark Weaver
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This symposium will address the
scientific issues related to phenomena
in synthesis, characterization, and application
of coatings and thin films. The
objective of the symposium is to provide
a multidisciplinary discussion at both the
fundamental and applied levels of phenomena
through which materials performance
may be enhanced by advanced
coating and thin film technologies. Specifi
c topics include, but are not limited
to: PVD and CVD processes, synthesis
of nanostructures and nanoparticles,
surface modification by plasma, ion and
laser beam techniques, direct fabricated
materials, thermal barrier coatings,
biomedical coatings, high-temperature-
oxidation- and corrosion-resistant
coatings, thin films for electronic, optical
and magnetic applications, coatings for
space flight applications, coatings used
in the automobile and environmental
industries, corrosion resistant coatings,
modeling, mechanical and tribological
properties, interface properties and
adhesion, advanced surface evaluation
techniques, advanced optical and electron
microscopy techniques, and ultrahard
coating applications and testing.
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P08 Metallography of High-
Temperature Materials and
Life Assessment
Organizers: George F. Vander
Voort, Elena P. Manilova
Featured Invited Speakers:
Alexander I. Rybnikov,
Arun Gohkale
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This symposium focuses on the use of
metallographic techniques of all types to
study high temperature materials: Fe-,
Ni-, Co- or Ti-based alloys, ceramics
and intermetallics. Topics include, but
are not limited to, the use of microscopy
in processing, alloy design and development,
physical metallurgy, applications,
service performance, remnant life
assessment, and failure analysis. The
methods include field metallography
using replication techniques or portable
microscopes, as well as traditional light
optical, x-ray and electron metallographic
laboratory methods. Particular
interest is placed on studies of creep
damage and estimation of the remaining
component life.
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Advances in Instrumentation and Techniques Symposia
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A01 Microscopy and Microanalysis
in the Real World:
Textiles, Pharmaceuticals,
Photonics, and Biomedical/
Forensics
Organizers: Janet Woodward,
Danny Akin, Bev Maleeff,
Barbara Hartman
Featured Invited Speakers:
M. Sullivan, C. Humphrey, S. Zaki
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Microscopy and microanalysis
techniques are used in many "real
world" settings in both the physical
and life sciences. These real world
applications target practical problem
solving and can involve diagnostics,
failure analysis, particle analysis, etc.
Success often depends upon utilizing
currently available techniques that can
be applied rapidly with a high degree
of reliability. Most often, the "real
world" analysts operate under signifi-
cant time and cost constraints. This
year's symposium will be presented
in a series of four "mini-symposia" on
the topics: Textiles, Pharmaceuticals,
Photonics, and Biomedical/ Forensics.
Invited speakers will offer presentations
that describe successful strategies
for applying existing microscopic
techniques to real world problem
solving in these areas. In addition,
contributed papers for platform or
poster presentations on these and
other "real world" topics are encouraged
and welcomed.
Textiles: This symposium will
solicit papers in broad areas of microscopy
and micro-spectroscopy concerning
investigations of natural and
synthetic fibers. Papers are sought on
older and newer types of fibers, particularly
as related to characteristics
that modify properties in both woven
and nonwoven applications. Reports
from investigations on structure and
chemical components of a wide scope
are encouraged.
Pharmaceuticals: The Pharmaceuticals
mini-symposium will address
the application of microscopy
and microanalytic technologies with
respect to specific areas of interest
such as particle size analysis, product
contamination and cell pathology,
among others. In addition, an informal
forum will be provided for discussion
of thoughts and strategies related
to regulatory and other issues faced in
our laboratories.
Photonics: Optical technologies
are in every aspect of our daily lives
- from the new organic LEDs for cell
phones and cameras to surgical laser
optics. This symposium will address
the state of the art microscopic and
microanalysis techniques utilized in
this growing industry.
Biomedical/Forensics: Welcome
to the 21st century - where medical
implants are routine surgeries, where
the threat of bioterrorism hovers, and
where we are entertained by various
TV shows on forensic science. This
symposium will provide a look into the
"behind the scenes" real world investigations
in this area of biomedical/
forensics.
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A02 Advances in Visualizing
Tissue Chemistry at the Cellular
Level Using Infrared and
Raman Microspectroscopy and
Imaging
Organizers: Mike Jackson,
Neil Lewis, Janie DuBois
Featured Invited Speakers:
Gerwin Puppels,
Richard Mendelsohn
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Optical microscopy relies on
specific chemical stains (H&E, fluorescently
labelled antibodies, etc.) to
provide sufficient contrast to explore
tissue and cellular architecture and
to allow assessment of tissue chemistry.
A more direct assessment of
tissue and cellular architecture and
chemistry is provided by spectroscopic
techniques that explicitly probe tissue
properties. Infrared and Raman
spectroscopy are among the most
powerful of such techniques and provide
information on isolated biological
materials, single cells, biological fluids
or complex tissues. This information
may pertain to nuclear material,
membrane dynamics or connective
tissue components to give only a few
examples. Importantly, an inherent
advantage of such spectroscopic techniques
is that information on multiple
tissue/cell components is obtained in
a single measurement. Furthermore,
using advanced microscopic and imaging
instrumentation spatial variations
in tissue/cellular composition may
also be assessed, essentially allowing
tissue chemistry to be probed and
visualised at the cellular level. This
symposium will highlight recent advances
in IR/Raman microscopic and
imaging instrumentation. Particular
emphasis will be placed on how these
advances allow visualisation of the
cellular processes underlying disease
processes including malignant transformation,
infection and neurological
disorders.
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A03 Quantitative Techniques in
Biological Imaging
Organizers: Jay Jerome,
Dave Piston
Featured Invited Speakers:
Mike Marko, Rob Gourdie
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Quantifying structure can signifi
cantly enhance many types of
experiments using imaging. This is
particularly true for studies of changes
in features at different times or with
different treatments or in experiments
correlating image data with
information from other modalities
such as biochemistry or physiology.
The methods for quantifying image
information are varied and run the
gamut from very simple techniques to
complex algorithms. The parameters
that can be measured also vary from
simple linear assessment to complex
analysis of molecular concentration.
This session will present a variety of
methods available for biological image
measurement and is open to anyone
developing methods for quantifying
structure as well as those applying
quantitative methods to strengthen
experimental design.
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A04 Digital Imaging
Organizer: John Mackenzie
Featured Invited Speakers:
P. C. Cheng
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Digital imaging is replacing more
and more of the imaging that we historically
recorded on film. This symposium
will focus on trying to better
understand this digital technology and
how best to apply it. We will exam archival
issues as they relate to printers
and CDs. We will explore how to best
apply Photoshop for scientific digital
imaging. We wish to emphasize the
latest developments and directions in
digital imaging technology. Finally,
we invite papers that examine the
question of how best to incorporate a
digital workflow into the operation of a
microscopy laboratory.
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A05 Advances in Confocal Optical
Microscopy Technology
Organizer: Steve Paddock
Featured Invited Speakers:
Mary Dickinson, Wenbiao Gan
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The symposium will include applications
of the confocal optical microscope
in both the biological and the
physical sciences, and will also include
advancements in associated technology
for collecting optical sections.
Emphasis will be placed on multi-dimensional
imaging, including methods
of imaging multiple-labeled specimens
and issues posed by the analysis of
multiple images and their display.
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A06 Analysis of Protein Dynamics
in Living Cells by Quantitative
Light Microscopy
Organizer: Clare Waterman-Storer
Featured Invited Speakers:
Derek Toomer, Klaus Hahn
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Genetics, biochemistry, and
molecular biology techniques have
given rise to a vast encyclopedia of
protein interactions mediating specific
cell functions. However, in order to
understand how protein machinery
conspires to animate dynamic cell
function, we need to know the "where,
when, how much, and for how long"
of protein behavior in living cells. This
session will cover recent state-of-theart
techniques in quantitative light
microscopy as applied to analyzing the
spatiotemporal control of molecular
mechanisms underlying basic cellular
processes. This includes analysis of
nuclear processes such as transcription,
signaling proteins that control
various cell functions, cytoskeletal
dynamics in regulating cell shape and
motility, cell division, and membrane
trafficking. The focus of the session
will be to explain the how cutting edge
technology was developed to answer
important questions in cell biology.
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A07 Biological Specimen Preparation
and Labeling
Organizer: Ralph Albrecht
Featured Invited Speaker:
Marek Malecki, Reiner Bleher
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This symposium will emphasize
emerging preparative and labeling
technology for use in high resolution
and correlative studies. It is becoming
increasingly important to visualize,
identify, and localize/co-localize multiple
molecules and molecular complexes
within cells and tissues. Currently our
knowledge of the various molecular
species within cells is expanding rapidly;
determining the organization and
movement of these components at the
cellular and molecular level is a critical
step in understanding cell function.
Preparative and labeling methodology
which permits the sequential examination
of specimens in several microscopic
modes is key to the success of these efforts..
Live specimens stained or labeled
for examination via various modes of
photon based imaging must be prepared
for subsequent examination at
substantially higher levels of spatial
resolution using electron based or force
based imaging (SEM, TEM, AFM). This
requires preparative technology that
maintains molecular and sub-molecular
structure in the face of low and high accelerating
voltages. Similarly, labeling
methodology that is compatible with,
and provides information from, more
than one microscopic mode and generally
at different levels of spatial resolution
is also a requirement. Advances
in preparative and labeling technology
which facilitates correlative LM, TEM,
and SEM will be addressed. Contributed
platform presentations and posters
dealing with novel preparative and
labeling approaches are encouraged.
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A08 Tomographic Techniques
in Biological and Physical Sciences
Organizers: Michael Marko,
John Henry Scott
Featured Invited Speakers:
Wolfgang Baumeister,
Paul Midgley
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Electron tomography is now a
mature technique, and is currently
experiencing a period of rapid growth
as emphasis shifts from technique
development to application. Originally
developed by the biological community,
the technique has recently been
adopted by materials scientists. Concurrently,
other forms of tomography
such as FIB tomography, atom-probe
tomography, and x-ray microtomography
are being developed to solve
increasingly complex 3-dimensional
characterization challenges. Imaging
modes used for electron tomography
now include not only conventional
TEM and cryo-TEM, but also EFTEM,
STEM and Z-contrast imaging, with
some modes providing 3-D elemental
maps. FIB and atom probe tomography
are similar in that the specimen is
ablated layer-by-layer, and the 3-D reconstruction
is created by serial depth
sectioning. However, the resolution
and range of applications are quite
different. X-ray microtomography
offers the advantage of large depth
of field, and does not require the
specimen to be in a vacuum. Invited
speakers will represent the state of
the art in the development and application
of several of these tomographic
techniques. Contributed papers are
sought in these areas as well as other
micro-tomography techniques not
mentioned above.
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A09 FIB/Dual Platform Applications
and Techniques in Biological
and Physical Sciences
Organizers: Lucille Giannuzzi,
Warren Moberly Chan
Featured Invited Speakers:
Boris Mizaikoff, Hamish Frasier
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Focused ion beam and combined
FIB/SEM instrumentation is gaining
popularity in microscopy laboratories.
The unique imaging and milling capability
of focused ion beams make it
ideal for site-specific specimen preparation
for multiple analytical instruments.
The ability to introduce specific
gases for deposition of various materials
and sample modification has provided
new and interesting applications
for micro- and nanoprocessing. In
addition, the incorporation of an SEM
and FIB on the same platform may be
used for 3D microstructural, elemental,
and crystallographic analyses.
Advances in computer automation
of techniques also allows for unique
applications and unattended microstructural
analyses. This symposium
encourages abstracts that discuss the
development of new FIB instrumentation,
applications, and techniques in
both the physical and the biological
sciences.
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A10 Scanned Probe Microscopy:
Probing Surfaces at the
Nanoscale
Organizers: Phil Russell,
Lou Germinario
Featured Invited Speakers:
Larry Bottomley, Clayton Teague
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The revolution in nanomaterials
and nanotechnology research has
both benefited from and led to the
development of tools (sometimes
referred to as microscopes) for their
visualization, characterization and
manipulation at the nanoscale. Leading
among these are the scanned
probe microscopes (known also as
proximal probes), which can be used
for interrogating and manipulating the
structural, mechanical and chemical
makeup of nanomaterials. The data
thus obtained is often rendered in
the form of topographic relief images
(our familiar micrographs), which can
be interpreted in a straightforward,
intuitive way. Advances in applications
of SPM to a wide variety of disciplines
including, but not limited to, biology,
nanofabrication, semiconductor and
polymer science will be covered.
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A11 In-Situ Characterization of
Dynamic Processes by Variable
Pressure Electron Microscopy
Organizers: Milos Toth,
Eva Olsson
Featured Invited Speakers:
Roger M. Leblanc,
Harald Dobberstein
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This symposium will solicit papers
on variable pressure electron beam
characterization of dynamic processes,
charge-related contrast mechanisms
and advances in environmental
scanning and transmission electron
microscopy theory, instrumentation,
and applications. The unique role of
environmental microscopy in electron
beam characterization of dynamic
processes stems from its ability to
probe vacuum-intolerant and insulating
materials. Its capacity to image
surfaces and internal structures with
high spatial resolution provides access
to information that would otherwise
be beyond reach and is of particular
importance for nanoscience. The thermodynamic
and electrostatic stabilization
provided by an environmental
gas facilitates in-situ investigation of
a wide range of phenomena such as
phase transitions induced by heating,
cooling or changes in gas pressure,
hydration-dehydration processes, behavior
of films at gas-liquid interfaces,
gas-surface reactions, beam-induced
modification of insulating surfaces
in low vacuum environments, and
mechanical processes such as microcrack
formation, buckling and fracture
propagation. The dynamic nature
of the physical mechanisms behind
charge-stabilization of insulators gives
rise to novel electron image contrast
mechanisms, facilitating stable imaging
of ferroelectric domains, defect
distributions and spatial variations in
electronic structure. The symposium
will feature invited speakers illustrating
state-of-the-art in-situ dynamic
experiments.
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A12 Micro X-ray Techniques:
New Compositional and Structural
Characterization Tools
Organizers:
Harald Ade, Masashi Watanabe,
Featured Invited Speakers:
Janos Kirz, Nestor Zaluzec
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X-rays are used both as probes and
as signals in a wide variety of microscopies,
ranging from synchrotron radiation
based Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine
Structure (NEXAFS) microscopy to Energy
Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) in
electron microscopes. This symposium
will focus on the latest technological
developments that are using x-rays as
a tool for compositional and structural
analysis and delineate the frontiers
these tools are opening up.
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A13 Accessorizing the SEM
Organizers:
David Joy, John Henry Scott,
Featured Invited Speakers:
Tom Prusnick, Del Redfern
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The scanning electron microscope
(SEM) is the most widely used electron-
beam instrument because it is the
best tool available. The large specimen
chamber and the variety of imaging and
analytical modes available provide unrivalled
flexibility, as well as the inherent
suitability for correlative microscopies.
This symposium will survey the expanding
imaging and analytical capabilities
that result from adding new hardware
and software to the SEM. Among the
modes and technologies to be considered
are: micro-Raman spectroscopy,
energy filtering and multi-mode electron
detectors; advanced X-ray spectrometers;
X-ray fluorescence; X-ray microscopy;
advanced electron backscatter diffraction
(EBSD) and orientation imaging
microscopy (OIM); and scanned probe
microscopy (SPM) and nanoindentors in
the SEM.
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A14 Quantitative X-ray Microanalysis:
Focus on Extraterrestrial
and Terrestrial Specimens
Organizers: Paul Carpenter,
Raynald Gauvin, Greg Meeker
Featured Invited Speakers:
John Armstrong, Brendan Griffin,
Mathias Procop
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This symposium welcomes contributions
from researchers active in
any area of the development and application
of quantitative X-ray microanalysis.
Research on fundamental
parameters measurement, correction
procedure algorithms and software,
Monte Carlo methods, spectrum
generation, processing and modeling,
compositional mapping, and precision
and accuracy issues relating to microanalysis
problems will be covered.
Also discussed will be the challenges
presented by analysis of insulating
materials, rough surfaces, low energy
x-rays, and variable pressure
environments. Among applications of
quantitative X-ray microanalysis, this
symposium will have a focus on lunar,
meteorite, and mineral specimens.
Contributions are particularly encouraged
in this area.
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A15 Electron Energy-Loss and
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopies:
Focus on Anisotropic
Properties
Organizers: Yasuo Ito,
John W. Freeland
Featured Invited Speakers:
Jun Yuan, Sarnjeet Dhesi
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This symposium seeks to provide
a forum for characterizing materials
properties by EELS and XAS techniques
that have complementary
strengths while sharing a common
theoretical background. The signifi
cant advantage of EELS is its high
spatial resolution, approaching the
atomic-scale, whereas XAS has the
advantages of high spectral resolution
and polarization of the incident
probe. The symposium will cover the
theory, methods, and applications of
these complementary techniques. A
particular focus of the symposium will
be the characterization of anisotropic
properties of bulk materials and thin
films. Anisotropy in crystal structure
and charge density can manifest itself
in corresponding magnetic, electrical,
optical, and transport properties, with
significance for applications such as
switches, memory devices, and ionic
conductors. These anisotropies can
be characterized via the near-edge
fine structure of ionization edges in
EELS and with the X-ray nanoprobe,
where polarization of the incident
beam provides enhanced sensitivity
to anisotropic properties. The symposium
is expected to provide an active
forum for interaction between the XAS
and EELS communities. Contributions
on all aspects of these techniques, including
methods for improving spatial
and spectral resolution, are welcome.
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A16 Order in Disorder: Probing
the Structure of Amorphous
Materials
Symposium Organizers:
John Mansfield, Paul Voyles
Featured Invited Speakers:
Murray Gibson, Dave McKenzie
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Many people make a sharp distinction
between the structure of crystalline
and amorphous materials. It has become
clear, however, that nature is more complicated
than that: amorphous materials can
have varying degrees of order, and some
materials have more than one distinct
amorphous phase. Measuring nanoscale
structure of amorphous materials has
been notoriously difficult, but recent
advances in instrumentation and computation
have lead to new methods and discoveries.
Among these is the fluctuation
electron microscopy technique, which was
first used by Treacy and Gibson to study
amorphous semiconductors, and is now
being applied to a wide range of materials.
This symposium will discuss recent
advances and applications of fluctuation
microscopy, as well as other microscopy,
spectroscopy, and diffraction techniques
for measuring nanoscale order in amorphous
materials.
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A17 Metallurgical Failure Analysis:
Present and Future
Organizer:
Mike Stevenson
Featured Invited Speakers:
Roch Shipley, Mike Stevenson
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For decades now, Metallurgical
Failure Analysis has served as a useful
tool that engineers often employ to solve
critical problems. First and foremost,
metallurgical failure analysis aids in the
understanding of how materials properties
and processing will influence service
performance. Metallurgical failure analysis
is often employed as a reverse design
methodology in which design refinements
are identified through analysis of field or
test failures. Another key area where
metallurgical failure analysis is employed
is in the reconstruction of incidents, where
material failure processes can pinpoint
or aid in determining the root cause of
larger system failures. This symposium
will highlight the current state of the art
in Metallurgical Failure Analysis. specific
topics to be highlighted will be: current
and emerging analytical techniques, the
incorporation of computational mechanical
in failure analysis, metallography and
failure analysis, electron microscopy and
failure analysis, and root cause determination
in metallurgical investigations.
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A18 Metallography: Preparation,
Application and Evaluation
for the 21st Century
Organizers: George Blann,
Arlan Benscoter
Featured Invited Speakers:
George Vander Voort,
Arlan Benscoter
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When studying the microstructural
characteristics of metals and materials,
metallographic specimen preparation has
been, and continues to be the fundamental
method used. Preparation methods
have been revolutionized over the past
decade and in the early years of this
new millennium, new cost effective and
repeatable methods are being used which
produce excellent results enabling the
materials scientist to accurately evaluate
a wide range of material types. Improvements
in preparation and optical equipment
interfaced with computer systems,
produces state-of-the-art results enabling
the materials industry to develop universal
standards of preparation and evaluation.
This session will acquaint individuals with
the progress made in preparation, application
and evaluation of materials being
used now and into the 21st century.
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A19 Stereology and 3D Digital
Imaging
Organizers: Bob DeHoff,
Jim Steele
Featured Invited Speakers:
Rudolf Hilfer, Peter Voorhees
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The term "stereology" is used to
describe the set of methods that allow the
extraction of quantitative 3D structural
information from observations of 2D sections.
In modern stereological practice, no
assumptions are made about the structure
(so-called "design-based stereology") and
the geometric measuring probes are randomized.
Recent work has focused on the
use of 3D digital images to represent 3D
microstructures, and to provide estimates
of connectivity in porous media. The
general stereological problem of obtaining
unbiased estimates of 3D microstructural
parameters, such as volume fraction (VV),
surface density (SV), lineal feature density
(LV), number density (NV), and 3D connectivity,
will be considered in this symposium.
specific issues to be addressed are
the 3D structural information that can be
obtained from: 2D section probes; the
"physical dissector," "optical dissector," and
"optical fractionator" methods; n-point
correlation functions; computer-assisted
microtomography methods; and 3D digital
reconstructions. Contributions on applications
of sterelogy in biological and materials
sciences are welcomed.
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Technologists' Forum
Organizer: Cathy Johnson
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X31 Platform Session: Advanced
Techniques
Featured Invited Speakers:
John J. Friel, Simon Watkins
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Technology is ever changing, so
too is the methodology required to
obtain success in today's working
laboratory. This year's symposium
will feature presentations on methodologies
that are not commonly used
by the typical microscopy laboratory,
but which are rapidly gaining recognition
for providing unique information.
Whether performed on-site or
accessed by outsourcing to a contract
lab facility, today's technologist
must keep abreast of new analytical
trends to remain informed and better
prepared for the future. Example
methodologies include: high-pressure
freeze substitution, Raman microscopy,
live cell imaging, scanning X-ray
microscopy, quantum dot immunolabeling,
and spectral imaging.
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X32 Special Topics: Digital
Cameras & Microscopy
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Digital imaging has become an
integral part of today's laboratory.
Session presentations will cover the
use and optimization of digital cameras
in conjunction with light microscopy.
The latest in camera hardware/
software will be presented. Speed,
resolution, the merits of detector cooling,
recording dynamic processes and
stage/focus automation are just some
of the features that will be addressed.
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X33 Roundtable Discussion:
LIMS - Laboratory Information
Management Systems
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Specimen tracking and information
management is a critical operation for
all laboratory facilities. Panel members
will discuss how best to document and
track specimens through the laboratory
environment. Topics for discussion
include: commercial and in-house-designed
systems, considerations when
establishing the tracking database,
chain of custody concerns, data security,
regulatory compliance, customer
data access, and data archiving.
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Topics for Contributed
Sessions
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Biological Sciences
C01 Biological Sciences - General B01-B07
C02 Biological Microanalysis
C03 Biological Specimen Preparation A07
C04 Biomaterials B02
C05 Biomedical Applications A02
C06 Biomimetics
C07 Blood / Immunology
C08 Botany B03
C09 Cell Biology B07
C10 Cytochemistry (Histochemistry, Immunochemistry,In-Situ Hybridization)
C11 Cytoskeleton B07
C12 Developmental / Reproductive Biology
C13 Entomology
C14 Histology X43
C15 Live Cell Imaging B04, A06,X15
C16 Macromolecules B05
C17 Microbiology B06
C18 Microorganisms B03
C19 Molecular Biology
C20 Neurobiology B04
C21 Parasitology
C22 Pathology
C23 Structural Biology B07, A03
C24 Ultrastructure (Cells, Tissues, Organ Systems)
C25 Vascular Corrosion Casting B01
Physical Sciences
C26 Physical Sciences - General P01-P08
C27 Amorphous Materials A16
C28 Catalysts P04
C29 Ceramics
C30 Composites
C31 Ferroelectrics
C32 Films / Coatings P07
C33 Geology / Mineralogy
C34 Interfaces P01
C35 Magnetic and Superconducting Materials P05
C36 Metals and Alloys P08
C37 Modulated Structures
C38 Nanostructured materials P02
C39 Nanotechnology P06
C40 Oxidation / Corrosion
C41 Particle Analysis
C42 Pharmaceuticals P03, A01
C43 Phase Transformations P02
C44 Polymers
C45 Porous Materials
C46 Radiation Effects in Materials
C47 Self-Assembly P03
C48 Semiconductors
C49 Specimen Preparation for Materials Sciences
C50 Surfaces
Advances in Instrumentation and Techniques
C51 Advances in Instrumentation and Technique - General A01-A19
C52 Instrumentation Performance & Development
C53 Electron Optics and Aberration Correction X01
C54 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
C55 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) X53
C56 Electron Holography X54
C57 High-Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM)
C58 Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM)
C59 Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) / Energy-Filtered TEM (EFTEM) A15
C60 Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED) X52
C61 In-situ TEM A11
C62 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) A13
C63 Low-voltage SEM
C64 Variable Pressure SEM (VPSEM/ESEM) A11, X18
C65 Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) A13
C66 X-ray Spectrometry A13
C67 Quantitative X-ray Microanalysis A14, X51
C68 Spectral Imaging
C69 X-ray Imaging, Diffraction and Spectroscopy A12, A15
C70 Crystallography
C71 Tomographic Methods B05, A08, A19, X61
C72 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) A09
C73 Surface Analysis techniques
C74 Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy (APFIM)
C75 Scanned Probe Microscopy (SPM) A10
C76 Metallography and Metallographic Specimen Preparation P08, A18,X11
C77 Stereology A19, X43
C78 Optical (Light) Microscopy A06
C79 Confocal Microscopy A05, X14,X42
C80 Multi Photon Excitation Microscopy X42
C81 Optical Fluorescence Microscopy X15, X42
C82 Infrared and Raman Microscopy and MicroanalysisA02
C83 Molecular Spectroscopy X42
C84 Correlative Microscopy
C85 Combinatorial Methods
C86 Cryogenic Techniques and Methods B05, P03
C87 In-vivo Imaging
C88 Digital Image Acquisition, Processing, and Analysis A04, X16,X17
C89 Computational Methods
C90 Remote Microscopy and Collaboration
C91 Education in Microscopy and Microanalysis
C92 Failure Analysis A17, X13
C93 Forensic Science A01
C94 Industrial "Real World" Microscopy A01
C95 Quality Systems and Standards
C96 Technologists' Forum X31-X33
C97 Core Facility Management
C98 User Facilities
C99 Corporate Session X72
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Tutorials
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X41 Introduction to Fluorescence
and Image Correlation
Spectroscopy
Instructor: Paul Wiseman
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This tutorial will be an introduction
to fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
(FCS) with a particular focus on its
imaging analog called image correlation
spectroscopy (ICS). An overview
of the history and theory of these
fluctuation microscopy methods will
be presented along with a description
of the microscopy instrumentation
required to perform such measurements.
The second half of the tutorial
will describe biological applications of
image correlation techniques in both
cell biology and neuroscience. We will
discuss specific applications such as
measuring protein transport (both
flow and diffusion), receptor clustering
and interactions for proteins involved
in the adhesion machinery of adherent
and migratory cells. The tutorial will
also discuss applications in neuroscience
for measurement of dendritic
spine densities in hippocampus tissue
slices.
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X42 Molecular Tags: A Multi-
Color, Multi-Scale Approach to
Recombinant Protein Analysis
Instructor: Guido Gaietta
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Since their first introduction in
the early '80s, fluorescent proteins
have proven incredibly valuable to
the study of many proteins directly
in their native environment. Recent
advancements in molecular tagging
have given us the ability to follow a
target protein at different resolution
levels, to examine its interactions
with other proteins and ultimately, to
study its function. This tutorial will
provide a general overview of two tagging
systems: GFP (and its variants)
and 4Cys/FlAsH. We will examine the
basics of each system, compare them
with one another and explore their
applications to confocal, 2-photon
and electron microscopy. Examples of
FRET, FRAP and FALI will also be covered
during the presentation.
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X43 Implementing Design-
Based Stereology
Instructor: Daniel A. Peterson
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Quantitative histology has become
an increasingly important form
of analysis in biomedical research.
Some form of outcome measurement,
frequently cell number, is required to
provide data for statistical analysis to
accept or reject the hypothesis. For
microscopic analysis, this requires
counting objects (cells) that are embedded
within a larger structure (tissue).
However, these cells must be
counted from sections produced from
the tissue. As a result of sectioning
the tissue and visualizing the cells
through an objective lens that produces
a depth of field, one must consider
potential artifacts that could introduce
error into the determination of the
number of objects. These sources of
error can be addressed through the
use of systematic three-dimensional
sampling probes collectively known as
design-based stereology. This tutorial
will review the principles involved and
illustrate practical examples of implementing
design-based stereology.
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X51 Energy Dispersive X-ray
Spectrometry in the Scanning
Electron Microscope
Instructor: Dale E. Newbury
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Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry
(EDS) performed in the scanning
electron microscope (SEM) has
become a basic procedure supporting
a vast range of applications. Most
often applied to practical problems as
a qualitative analysis technique, SEM/
EDS is actually capable of achieving
quantitative results with a small error
budget, +5% relative or better. The
steps to achieve this level of accuracy
with SEM/EDS will be discussed: (1)
careful measurement science practices
for electron-excited x-ray spectrometry;
(2) robust qualitative analysis
at all levels: major (C > 0.1 mass
fraction), minor (0.01 < C < 0.1),
and trace (C < 0.01); (3) statisticallystable
peak and background deconvolution;
and (4) quantitative matrix
corrections.
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X52 Electron Diffraction for
Modern Materials Characterization
Instructor: Jian-Min Zuo
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Electron diffraction patterns are
routinely recorded in electron microscopes
to obtain quantitative structure
information about crystal phases and
orientation relationships. The recent
developments of field-emission gun
electron microscopes, energy-filters,
digital detectors and computer simulations
have significantly improved
both the sensitivity and quantification
of electron diffraction. Meanwhile,
new materials development
focuses increasingly on new structures
at nanoscale, where the spatial
resolution of electron diffraction is an
advantage. This tutorial starts with
basic knowledge of electron diffraction
and then covers its application
for modern materials characterization.
Topics include: diffraction modes in
TEM, crystal diffraction and indexing,
the convergent beam geometry and
diffraction of nanomaterials. The level
of the tutorial is aimed at TEM users
who have practical knowledge of electron
diffraction, but are interested in
improving their skills on interpretation
and learning new quantitative techniques
of electron diffraction.
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X53 Practical Scanning Transmission
Electron Microscopy
Instructor: David. A. Muller
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Modern commercial field emission
transmission electron microscopes
(TEM) have the potential to produce
atomic-resolution scanning transmission
electron microscopy (STEM)
images if properly aligned and installed.
This tutorial will cover practical
and theoretical aspects necessary
to optimize the microscope for STEM.
Topics covered: interpreting Ronchigrams,
choosing the right apertures
and camera lengths, bright and dark
field imaging, how to make your STEM
images look like they were taken on a
TEM, Z-contrast and strain mapping,
sample thickness dependence of STEM
images and imaging artifacts.
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X54 Practical Electron Holography
Instructor: Molly McCartney
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Electron holography is an evolving
technique that is gaining increased
interest in the microscopy community
for characterization of electric fields
and magnetic materials in addition
to its original application for resolution
enhancement. This tutorial will
cover a wide range of aspects including
the history of the technique and
theoretical and experimental issues.
In particular, the source and implications
of the phase shifts measured in
the reconstructed holograms will be
discussed. Emphasis will be placed on
practical aspects of electron holography
including the experimental set-up,
reconstruction and the precision and
accuracy of the reconstructed phase
images. Applications to semiconductor
junction delineation, piezoelectric
fields and magnetic thin films will be
discussed.
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X61 Techniques for Electron
Tomography in Biological and
Materials Science
Instructor: Mike Marko
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There are a wide variety of applications
for electron tomography,
and a correspondingly wide variety
of imaging modes and data collection
strategies. In biological sciences,
low-dose, low-temperature tomography
of unstained frozen-hydrated
specimens is of great interest, while
tomography of stained, thick plastic
sections at high accelerating voltage
is essential for other studies. In
materials science, techniques such as
HAADF STEM tomography are needed
for crystalline specimens. Elemental
mapping using EFTEM or STEM is being
applied in both fields. The tutorial
will attempt to cover all known forms
of transmission electron tomography,
and describe how each is implemented
for an appropriate application.
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Additional Sessions
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X71 Ask The Experts
Organizer: Lucille Giannuzzi
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The Ask-the-Experts session
takes on a different format this year
to provide programming closer to
the time of the annual Microscopy
and Microanalysis (M&M) meeting,
and to better address the needs of
the meeting attendees. Rather than
listing topics in the Call for Papers,
which must be produced nearly a year
before the meeting, an opportunity to
submit questions to experts attending
M&M 2004 will be provided at the time
the program is posted on the meeting
web site in the months leading up to
the meeting. This link will allow participants
to submit questions, and name
the expert to whom the question is
addressed, as they browse the M&M
2004 program on-line. The Ask-the-
Experts organizers will then seek to
schedule a time to address topics of
significant interest during the meeting.
The schedule of topics will be
announced and posted to the meeting
website a couple of weeks before the
early registration deadline, so that
potential M&M 2004 attendees can
schedule in the topics of interest to
them. Please plan to participate both
in the topic selection and the sessions,
so that we can gauge whether this
change of format is beneficial!
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X72 Corporate Session
Organizer: Jan Rignalda
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This session will be aimed at
new solutions from manufacturers or
corporate sponsors that have scientific
merit and offer unique capabilities for
the scientific community. This is not
a session for advertising the latest
engineering widget, rather a forum
to show how a new product or even
a new application of an older product
can be of significant interest to
us. Since there is some issue with
predicting the future, the format this
year will be flexible to the extent that
this may be a forum for "late breaking
scientific developments." although
this will depend on the interest shown
ahead of time.
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X73 Late-Breaking Poster Session
Organizer: Ian M. Anderson
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The late-breaking poster session
provides an avenue for presenting
results not submitted before the
February 16 paper submission deadline.
Contributions for this session will
be accepted until FRIDAY, JULY 16,
2004. Because of space limitations,
we cannot guarantee acceptance of
these contributions, but will attempt
to accommodate as many as possible.
Late-Breaking Poster submissions will
NOT appear in the proceedings.
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